大象传媒

This article discusses how Shosana Zuboff鈥檚 critical theory of surveillance capitalism may help to understand and underpin responsible practice and innovation in mobile journalism. Zuboff conceptualizes surveillance capitalism as a new economic logic made possible by ICT and its architecture for extracting and trading data products of user behavior and preferences. In Europe, the framework of responsible research and innovation is promoted as an approach that should inform practice and policy for research and innovation to align with societal values and democratic principles. While the adoption of smartphones as a key tool for producing and consuming news has great potential for innovation, it can also feed behavioral data into the supply chain of surveillance capitalism. The article discusses how potentially harmful implications can be met on an individual and organizational level to contribute to a more responsible adoption of mobile technologies in journalism.

Salzmann, Anja; Frode Guribye and Astrid Gynnild. 2021. 鈥淢obile Journalists as Traceable Data Objects: Surveillance Capitalism and Responsible Innovation in Mobile Journalism鈥澨�Media and Communication听9 (2) In press.

The classic grounded theory of听remote female fixation听provides new knowledge on the illegal sharing of sexualized images of young girls in networked online communities. This sharing occurs without consent and usually without the girls knowing about it. The data were gathered from 20 different online comment sections of the Norwegian branch of a global, anonymous community with a reputation for extensive sharing of nude images of young women. It emerged from the data that the forum's users had an ongoing need to master their own female fixations, which they satisfied through the process of remote female fixation. In this process, forum users engaged in four interdependent strategies:听continuous competing, loyal including, irregular rewarding,and tactical negotiating.听By identifying the forum users' shared concern, this study may help explain the increasing presence of sexual abuse in digital environments.

Otteren, Hilde and Astrid Gynnild. 2021. 鈥淩emote Female Fixation鈥擜 Grounded Theory on Illegal Sharing of Nude Imagery Online鈥澨�FQS: Forum Qualitative Social Research,听22 (2)听in press.

Due to the visual turn in journalism and the emergence of mobile journalism, many newspaper journalists have had to change the way they work. News organizations apply different strategies to increase staff competencies in using new production tools and creating innovative content in new formats. In this paper, we investigate how such a training was experienced by 40 print editors and journalists in a German publishing house. The journalists were introduced to audio-visual storytelling and reporting with smartphones in a 2-week training course. The training arrangements were studied using participant observation and in-depth interviews, followed by a thematic analysis of the data. The study indicates that for print journalists and editors, the transition from the print to the听mojo mindset听depends on three dimensions: (i) mastering mojo skills, (ii) adopting visual thinking and (iii) integrating ethical and legal awareness.

Salzmann, Anja; Frode Guribye and Astrid Gynnild. DOI:听.

Synthetic media technologies are rapidly advancing, making it easier to generate nonveridical media that look and sound increasingly realistic. So-called "deepfakes" (owing to their reliance on deep learning) often present a person saying or doing something they have not said or done. The proliferation of deepfakes creates a new challenge to the trustworthiness of visual experience and has already created negative consequences such as nonconsensual pornography, political disinformation, and financial fraud. Deepfakes can harm听viewers听by deceiving or intimidating, harm听subjects听by causing reputational damage, and harm听society听by undermining societal values such as trust in institutions. What can be done to mitigate these harms? It will take the efforts of many different stakeholders including platforms, journalists, and policymakers to counteract the negative effects of deepfakes. Technical experts can and should play an active role, the authors point out.

Johnson, Deborah G. and Nicholas Diakopoulos. 2021. 鈥淐ommunications of the ACM鈥� 64 (3), 33-35. DOI:听

Making conjectures about future consequences of a technology is an exercise in trying to reduce various forms of uncertainty. Both to produce and reason about these conjectures requires understanding their potential limitations. In other words, we need systematic ways of considering uncertainty associated with given conjectures for downstream consequences. In this work, we frame the task of considering future consequences as an anticipatory ethics problem, where the goal is to develop scenarios that reflect plausible outcomes and their ethical implications following a technology's introduction into society. In order to shed light on how various forms of uncertainty might inform how we reason about a resulting scenario, we provide a characterization of the types of uncertainty that arise in a potential scenario-building process.

Nanayakkara, Priyanjka; Nicholas Diakopoulos, and Jessica Hullman.听

This article details Finnish news organizations鈥� adoption of drones for journalistic purposes from 2011 to 2020. The theoretical starting point of the article is Rogers鈥� (1962) diffusion of innovations theory, which explains how new ideas and technologies spread in societies. The main empirical data for the study were derived from a phone survey conducted among the 80 most popular newspapers in Finland. The findings reveal that drone journalism in Finland has already diffused from a few pioneering organizations to a large number of newsrooms, including regional, mid-sized newspapers. Most of the newspapers are either using in-house drones, buying commissioned images, or using both strategies. The frequency of use was found to be much higher for those newsrooms using their own drones. Finally, the article ponders possible explanations for different trajectories in the adoption of drones in various countries based on the Finnish case.

Uskali, Turo; Pasi Ikonen, Ville Manninen and Hokkanen Jere. 2020. 鈥淒iffusion of Drone Journalism: The Case of Finland, 2011-2020鈥澨�Media and Communication听8 (3): 75-84. DOI:听

The shift toward digital distribution has led newspapers to adopt data collection and sharing practices with unexplored ethical consequences. Analysis of the privacy policies of the 15 largest U.S. newspapers reveals what is permitted with regard to the capture of newsreader data and the sharing of such data with advertisers, affiliated companies, and social media. These practices and the related news metrics and analytics are critiqued in light of journalism鈥檚 democratic role and traditional support of citizenship. The conclusion offers six recommendations to begin to address these ethical dilemmas through greater transparency and more reader control over data handling.

Adams, Paul. 2020.鈥淎greeing to Surveillance Digital News Privacy Policies.鈥�听Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly.听DOI:听

This article examines the digital tool INJECT, that helps journalists discover new story angles by offering insight, not search results. The analysis highlighted three important results. (1) That journalists identified more with digital tools to support them when discovering and generating new angles on stories more quickly than now, (2) different creative search algorithms applied to news informations operationalized the strategies for discovering new angles and (3) evaluations of the INJECT digital tool in three newsrooms revealed that it increased the novelty of stories written by journalists, but younger journalists more open to new technology and working more autonomously were more likely to use the tool.

Maiden, Neil et.al. 2020. 鈥淒igital Creativity Support for Original Journalism.鈥澨�Communications of the ACM听63 (8) : 46-53. DOI:听

New media synthesis technologies are rapidly advancing and becoming more accessible, allowing users to make video and audio clips (i.e. deepfakes) of individuals doing and saying things they never did or said. Deepfakes have significant implications for the integrity of many social domains including that of elections. Focusing on the 2020 US presidential election and using an anticipatory approach, this article examines the ethical issues raised by deepfakes and discusses strategies for addressing these issues. Eight hypothetical scenarios are developed and used as the basis for this analysis, which identifies harms to voters who view deepfakes, candidates and campaigns that are the subjects of deepfakes, and threats to electoral integrity. Four potential forms of intervention are discussed with respect to multi-stakeholder responsibility for addressing harms, including education and media literacy, subject defense, verification, and publicity moderation.

Diakopoulos, Nicholas, and Deborah Johnson. 2020. 鈥淎nticipating and Addressing the Ethical Implications of Deepfakes in the Context of Elections.鈥澨�New Media & Society听: 1-27. DOI:听

Deborah G. Johnson听has written the first engineering ethics textbook to use debates as the framework for presenting engineering ethics topics, this engaging, accessible survey explores the most difficult and controversial issues that engineers face in daily practice. Written by a leading scholar in the field of engineering and computer ethics, Johnson approaches engineering ethics with the premise that engineering is both a technical and a social endeavor and that ethical issues arise in the social practices of the profession that are often intertwined with technical decision making.

Johnson, Deborah G. 2020.听Engineering Ethics: Contemporary and Enduring Debates.听New Haven, London, Yale University Press. DOI:听

A research article by Paul Adams that originally appeared in听Journalism 大象传媒听(2018, V.19, n.4) has been re-published as a book chapter. It appears in听Reimagining Journalism and Social Order in a Fragmented Media World, edited by Robert E. Gutsche, Jr. and Kristy Hess (Routledge, 2020), and is Chapter 4, entitled: 鈥淢igration Maps with the News: Guidelines for ethical visualization of mobile populations.鈥� The book includes fourteen chapters that explore the intersection between journalism studies and 鈥渃ritical scholarship on social order and social control, nationalism, social media, geography, and the function of news as a social sphere.鈥漃ublication facts:Adams, P.C. 2020. 鈥淢igration Maps with the News: Guidelines for ethical visualization of mobile populations.鈥�

Gutsche, Robert E., Jr and Kristy Hess. 2020.听Reimagining Journalism and Social Order in a Fragmented Media World.听New York and London, Routledge. ISBN-13: 978-0367366056. ISBN-10: 0367366053.

In this article published in听Journalism Practice, Anja Salzmann, Frode Guribye and Astrid Gynnild explore a global network of mobile journalists and media practitioners. The Mojo Community is dedicated to exploring, learning and keeping track of mobile technologies to create multimedia content for journalistic purposes. Based on a qualitative approach the study identifies the community`s domain, structure and role in the context of journalism innovation and change. The core group of "mojo pioneers" comprise "tech-savvy" journalists affiliated with Western legacy broadcast organizations. Members麓 mojo engagement is mainly driven by perceived organizational reluctancy towards fast-evolving technological advancements and uncertain job prospects.

Salzmann, Anja, Frode Guribye and Astrid Gynnild. 2020. 鈥淲e in the Mojo Community: Exploring a Global Network of Mobile Journalists鈥�.听Journalism Practice听: 1-18. DOI:听

This book sets out cutting-edge new research and examines future prospects on 360-degree video, virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR) in journalism, analyzing and discussing virtual world experiments from a range of perspectives.Featuring contributions from the ViSmedia team and a diverse range of scholars,听Immersive Journalism as Storytelling听highlights both the opportunities and the challenges presented by this form of storytelling. The book discusses how immersive journalism has the potential to reach new audiences, change the way stories are told, and provide more interactivity within the news industry.

Uskali, Turo, Astrid Gynnild, Sarah Jones and Esa Sirkkunen. 2020.听Immersive Journalism as Storytelling: Ethics, Production and Design.听Routledge. DOI:听

This paper by Thomas Wold presents a quantitative analysis of the most shared news stories in on social media in Norway in 2017. Social media is an important platform for news consumption. By sharing links to news stories, the contact network on social media can create its own news agenda.

Wold, Thomas. 2020. 鈥淗ave you shared the news today?鈥�.听Norsk Medietidsskrift听107 (1): 1-19. DOI:听

Humanoid sex robots seem to challenge the human鈥搈achine distinction because one way to engage with them is to entertain the illusion that they are human and appropriate for intimacy. This inclination is intentionally induced by robot designers, and several narratives envision and claim that robots of the future will be indistinguishable from humans. In this article Deborah Johnson is taking an anticipatory ethics approach and using critical discourse analysis, to argue that current discourse about sex robots does not adequately recognize the sociotechnical nature of humanoid sex robot development.

Johnson, Deborah G., and Mario Verdicchio. 2019. 鈥淐onstructing the Meaning of Humanoid Sex Robots鈥�.听Int J of Soc Robotics. 12:听415鈥�424. DOI:听

ViSmedia team member 脴yvind V氓genes newest book听Invisibility in Visual and Material Culture听is filled with exiting essays that鈥檚 pioneering and revelatory the insights into the phenomenon of invisibility, forging new and multi-disciplinary approaches at the intersection of aesthetics, technology, representation and politics. The chapters reveal that the invisible affects many cultural domains, from digital communication and operative images to the activism of social movements, as well as to identity, race, gender and class issues. Whether the subject is comic books, photographic provocations, biometric and brainwave sensing technologies, letters, or a cinematic diary.

Gr酶nstad, Asbj酶rn and 脴yvind V氓genes. 2019.听Invisibility in Visual and Material Culture.听Edited book. Palgrave Macmillan.

In this interview by 脴yvind V氓gnes, media scholar and MIT professor, Lisa Parks shares her reflections on a range of questions that remain central to her research. Including what television is at the present moment and might become in the future; how satellites could be treated as part of an integrated history of media; the compartmentalizations of academia; research on surveillance, and the relationship between surveillance and capitalism; the invisibility and materiality of infrastructure, and the significance of field-based research practices; the entanglement of scholarship and social engagement; the emerging Silicon Valley satellite industry, vertical mediation and political resistance; and the urgency of environmental media studies.

Parks, Lisa. 鈥淭elevisual Epistemologies and Beyond.鈥澨�Journal of Visual Culture听18 (2): 234鈥�49. DOI:听

Nicholas Diakopoulos and Deborah Johnson goals behind this article are to stimulate reflection on the ethics and governance of emerging technologies. Specifically, focused on the use of these technologies in the context of the 2020 U.S. election. With this article Diakopoulos and Johnson seeks to encourage debate about potential responses by various stakeholders, like: social media platforms, journalists, technology developers, and policymakers. To ensure that the outcomes of democratic processes aren鈥檛 negatively impacted by deepfakes.

Diakopoulos, Nicholas and Deborah Jonson. 2019.听鈥淗ow could deepfakes impact the 2020 U.S. elections?鈥�.听Available at:听

ViSmedia team member Nicholas Diakopoulos reveals how machine learning and data mining have transformed investigative journalism. Newsbots converse with social media audiences, distributing stories and receiving feedback. Online media has become a platform for A/B testing of content, helping journalists to better understand what moves audiences. Algorithms can even draft certain kinds of stories. These techniques enable media organizations to take advantage of experiments and economies of scale, enhancing the sustainability of the fourth estate. But they also place pressure on editorial decision-making, because they allow journalists to produce more stories, sometimes better ones, but rarely both.听.

Diakopoulos, Nicholas. 2019.听Automating the News: How Algorithms Are Rewriting the Media.听Massachusetts, Harvard University Press.

The International Encyclopedia of Journalism 大象传媒听is a unique reference guide and resource on the rapidly growing and evolving field of journalism scholarship, providing credible and timely information on its key concepts, theories, and methodologies. This invaluable text includes more than 250 entries that form a comprehensive overview of the study of journalism as a distinct field. Two of ViSmedia麓s team members hav contributed to this Encyclopedia, Astrid Gynnild with a chapter on Visual Journalism and Turo Uskali with a chapter on Virtual Reality Journalism.

Vos, Tim, P., et.al. 2019.听The International Encyclopedia of Journalism 大象传媒.听Wiley Blackwell. ISBN-13: 978-1118841679. ISBN-10: 1118841670.

The animal鈥搑obot analogy is one of the most commonly used in attempting to frame interactions between humans and robots and it also tends to push in the direction of blurring the distinction between humans and machines. In this article Deborah Johnson argues that, despite some shared characteristics, when it comes to thinking about the moral status of humanoid robots, legal liability, and the impact of treatment of humanoid robots on how humans treat one another, analogies with animals are misleading.

Johnson, Deborah G. and Mario Verdicchio. 2018. 鈥淲hy robots should not be treated like animals鈥�.听Ethics Inf Technol. 20: 291鈥�301. DOI:听

In The Routledge Handbook of Developments in Digital Journalism 大象传媒 ViSmedia member Nicholas Diakopoulos are one of the co-writers of the chapter: Disclose, Decode and Demystify: An Empirical Guide to Algorithmic Transparency.

Eldridge, Scott || and Bob Franklin. 2018.听The Routledge Handbook of Developments in Digital Journalism 大象传媒.听Edited book. Routledge. ISBN 9781315270449.

Professor and ViSmedia member Paul C. Adams has written the first chapter of the new book;听Migrants, Refugees, and the Media The New Reality of Open Societies听published by Routledge.

The large-scale movements of refugees and economic migrants from conflict zones to more stable societies have resulted in challenges, both for new entrants and their hosts. This fascinating volume brings together a collection of media analyses focused on immigration issues to examine how migration has been represented to the public.

Khrisna-Hensel, Sai Felicia. 2018.听Migrants, Refugees and the Media. Edited book, 1st edition. Routledge. ISBN 9780815377177.

Authors: Martin Moore, Damian Tambini, Nicholas Diakopoulos, Daniel Trielli, Jennifer Stark, Sean Mussenden

芦Across the globe, Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple and Microsoft have accumulated power in ways that existing regulatory and intellectual frameworks struggle to comprehend. A consensus is emerging that the power of these new digital monopolies is unprecedented and that it has important implications for journalism, politics, and society.禄 ViSmedia team member Nicholas Diakopoulos is cowriter of chapter 13. 芦I Vote For鈥擧ow Search Informs Our Choice of Candidate禄

Moore, Martin, et.al. 2018.听Digital Dominance: The Power of Google, Amazon, Facebook and Apple.听New York, Oxford University Press.

Authors:听Lars Nyre, Joao Ribeiro, Bj酶rnar Tessem

This article introduces the concept of听academic prototypes, and shows how they can lead to technological innovation in journalism. We propose an innovation method that transforms a value-oriented academic prototype into a market-oriented journalistic service. The principles for product development presented here are based on the lean startup method as well as business model canvassing.

Nyre, Lars, Joao Ribero and Bj酶rnas Tessem. 2018. 鈥淏usiness models for academic prototypes: A new approach to media innovation鈥�.听The Journal of Media Innovations.听4 (2): 4-19. DOI:听

Nicholas Diakopoulos, Nathalie Henry Riche, Christophe Hurter, and Sheelagh Carpendale have edited this accessible introduction to data-driven storytelling. It offers an integrated definition of the topic, presents vivid examples and patterns for data storytelling, and calls out key challenges and new opportunities for researchers and practitioners. Nicholas Diakopoulos has also co-edited two of the chapters.

Diakopoulos, Nicholas et.al. 2018. 鈥淚ntroduction鈥�. In:听Data-Driven Storytelling.听Edited Book by Henry Riche, Nathalie, et.al. A. K. Peters, CRC Press.ISBN 9781138197107

Authors: Maiden, N; Zachos, K, Brown, A; Brock, G; Nyre, L; Tonheim, A.; Apostolou, D; Evans, J.

This paper reports the design and first evaluations of new digital support for journalists to discover and examine crea-tive angles on news stories under development. The support integrated creative news search algorithms, interactive crea-tive sparks and reusable concept cards into one daily work tool of journalists.

Maiden, Neil, Konstantinos Zachos, Amanda Brown, George Brock, Lars Nyre, Aleksander Nyg氓rd Tonheim, Dimitris Apsotolou and Jeremy Evans. 2018. 鈥淢aking the News: Digital Creativity Support for Journalists鈥�.听CHI: Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 475: 1-11. DOI:听

What are civil drones, and how can they be used responsibly in our society? These are questions this book, written by Astrid Gynnild, 脜ke Refsdal Moe, Bente Heggedal, Elisabeth Krauss Amundsen, Helge Veum, Frode Guribye, Lars Nyre, Nils E. 脴y, Rune Ottosen, and 脴yvind V氓gnes. Editor is Astrid Gynnild.

Gynnild, Astrid. (red). 2018.听Droner i sivilsamfunnet. Akt酶rer, teknologi og etiske utfordringer.听Oslo, Cappelen Damm Akademisk

Authors: Lars Nyre & Jon Hoem

This report presents the development process of the app 芦Tilh酶rer禄 , the user interface and the technology behind it. 鈥淭ilh酶rer鈥� is an application that present an alternative sound experience, and is a collaborative between researchers from Bergen University College and The University of Bergen.

Hoem, Jon 脴yvind and Lars Nyre. 2018. 鈥淭ilh酶rer. En prototype p氓 fremtidens omsluttende radio鈥�.听Norsk Medietidsskrift听25 (1): 1-19. DOI: 10.18261/ISSN.0805-9535-2018-01-04

The use of camera drones is expanding. Responsible Drone Journalism investigates the opportunities and dilemmas of using drones for journalistic purposes in a global perspective, drawing on a framework of responsible research and innovation (RRI). Edited by Astrid Gynnild and Turo Uskali.

Gynnild, Astrid and Turo Uskali. 2018.听Responsible Drone Journalism. Edited book. New York, Routledge.ISBN-13: 978-1138059351ISBN-10: 1138059358

Turo Uskali has written chapter 13 in the book听. The volume seeks to provide "a diverse set of critical, theoretical, and international approaches useful to those looking for a more diverse and nuanced understanding of what ubiquitous media means analytically".

Uskali, Turo. 2018. 鈥淭owards Journalism Everywhere: The New Opportunities and Challenges of Real-Time News Streams in Finland鈥�. In Daubs, Michael S. and Vincent R. Manzerolle.听Mobile and Ubiquitous Media听(edited book). DOI:听

Authors: Deborah G. Johnson & Mario Verdicchio.

The concept of agency as applied to technological artifacts has become an object of heated debate in the context of AI research because some AI researchers ascribe to programs the type of agency traditionally associated with humans. Confusion about agency is at the root of misconceptions about the possibilities for future AI. We introduce the concept of a triadic agency that includes the causal agency of artifacts and the intentional agency of humans to better describe what happens in AI as it functions in real-world contexts.

Johnson, Deborah G. and Mario Verdicchio. 2018. 鈥淎I, agency and responsibility: the VW fraud case and beyond鈥�.听AI & Soc听34: 639鈥�647. DOI:听

Tradition is not a safe haven in late modernity, in general and in the press in particular. There is a need for justification and updated legitimation of journalistic practice. In the age of digital journalism, accountability and transparency have been radicalized, and as journalism faces new challenges and undergoes severe reorientations, questions of accountability and transparency are essential. The basic idea that journalism must hold those in power accountable has been well established, but it is similarly imperative that journalism itself is held accountable by an informed citizenry. The thriving industry of digital transparency and accountability instruments bear witness to how serious the situation appears for agents in the journalistic field.

Eide, Martin. 2017. 鈥淒igital Transparency and Accountability鈥� in Franklin, Bob and Scott Eldridge || (eds)听The Routledge Companion to Digital Journalism 大象传媒:听253-262. Routledge.

脴yvind V氓gnes听investigates photos taken from an unfamiliar angle: From bird's eye view, or the drone's lens view. The article argues that Houtryve鈥檚 photographs enable a strategy of 鈥渦ninventing precision鈥�.

V氓genes, 脴yvind. 2017. 鈥淒rone Vision: Towards a Critique of the Rhetoric of Precision鈥澨�Krisis: Tiljdschrift voor actuele filosofie听1: 8-17

Astrid Gynnild, Maria Nilsson, Anne Hege Simonsen and Hanna Weselius have edited this issue, and contributed with studies about "Photojournalism and Editorial Processes: Global Similarities, Local Differences".

Gynnild, Astrid., Maria Nilsson, Anne Hege Simonsen and Hanna Weselius. 2017. 鈥淚ntroduction: Photojournalism and Editorial Processes. Global Similarities, Local Differences鈥� in听Nordicom Review听38, Special Issue 2: 1-5. DOI: 10.1515/nor-2017-0410.

One could create realistic, anonymized faces as an aesthetic alternative to the coarse techniques of blurring or pixelation normally used today. In this proceeding, the authors describe how we can use algorithms for face manipulation from computer vision to anonymize faces in journalism.

Midtun, Joar, Bj酶rnar Tessem, Simen Skaret Karlsen and Lars Nyre. 2017. 鈥淩ealistic Face Manipulation by Morphing With Average Faces鈥澨�NIKT: Norsk IKT-konferanse for forskning og utdanning.听Available at:听

Chapter by听Turo Uskali听and听Epp Lauk. Drones have been used for news reporting since 2011. This chapter analyzes several cases of drone journalism in crisis reporting and refers to ethical guidelines for good drone reporting in humanitarian crisis reporting.

Uskali, Turo and Epp Lauk. 2017. 鈥淜eeping Reporters Safe: The Ethics of Drone Journalism in Humantarian Crisis鈥�. In Andersen, Robin and Purnaka L. de Silvia (eds)听.听Abingdon, Routledge Handbooks Online. DOI: 10.4324/9781315538129.ch39

Conference paper by听Heli V盲盲t盲j盲,听Otto Kauhanen,听Turo Uskali,听Esa Sirkkunen,听Chelsea Kelling,听Markku Turunen,听Vesa Lindqvist. It presents a history of VR and explores VR storytelling for journalism.

V盲盲t盲j盲, Heli., Otto Kauhanen, Turo Uskali, Esa Sirkkunen, Chelsea Kelling, Markku Turunen and Vesa Lindqvist. 2017. 鈥淚nnovating Virtual Reality Experiences For Journalism鈥�.听The Design Thinking Approach

Conference paper by听Otto Kauhanen,听Heli V盲盲t盲j盲,听Markku Turunen,听Tuuli Keskinen,听Esa Sirkkunen, Turo Uskali,听Vesa Lindqvist,听Chelsea Kelling,听Jussi Karhu. The paper explores how to a biography as a VR experience.

Kauhanen, Otto., Heli V盲盲t盲j盲, Markku Turunen, Tuuli Keskinen, Esa Sirkkunen, Turo Uskali, Vesa Lindqvist, Chelsea Kelling and Jussi Karhu. 2017. 鈥淎ssisting immersive virtual reality development with user experience design approach鈥澨�Academic Mindtrek:听127-136. DOI: 10.1145/3131085.3131126.

Study by听Jennifer A. Stark听and听Nicholas Diakopoulos. They investigate bias in Google鈥檚 image selection for the main search results pages of presidential candidates鈥� main search results page. The paper indicates that bias may have been introduced by the Google image selection algorithm.

Stark, Jennifer A. and Nicholas Diakopoulos. 2017. 鈥淯sing Baselines for Algorithm Audits鈥�.听European Conference on Data and Computional Journalism.

Deborah G. Johnson and Mario Verdicchio identify three factors that give people anxiety about artificial intelligence. The reasons, they argue, may not be what you think they are.

Johnson, Deborah G. and Mario Verdicchio. 2017. 鈥淎I Anxiety鈥澨�Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology听. DOI:听

As the news media adopts algorithmic components into the production of news information, it raises the question of how to maintain an accountable media system.听Nicholas Diakopoulos听explores algorithmic transparancy.

Diakopoulos Nicholas. 2017. 鈥淓nabling Accountability of Algorithmic Media: Transparency as a Constructive and Critical Lens鈥�. In: Cerquitelli,Tania, Daniele Quercia and Frank Pasquale (eds)听Transparent Data Mining for Big and Small Data. 大象传媒 in Big Data, vol 32. Springer, Cham.听

In the Virjox projects, journalism scholars, human-computer interaction and computer scientists and media company developers innovate together to figure out how to create the best immersive journalism and other media products.听Turo Uskali,听Heli V盲盲t盲j盲听and听Esa Sirkkunen听offer insights into the project.

Uskali, Turo; Esa Sirkkunen and Heli V盲盲t盲j盲. 2017. 鈥淰irtual Reality Prototyping in Journalism: How to Best Collaborate With Agile Methods鈥澨�Nordicom Information听39 (1): 28-31.

The visual power of news agencies are expanding as staff photographers are losing their jobs. In this study, Astrid Gynnild discusses the challenged ethical standards and editorial dillemmas through the example of terrorism.

Gynnild, Astrid. 2017. 鈥淭he Visual Power of News Agencies鈥澨�Nordicom Review,听38 Special Edition 2: 25-39. DOI: 10.1515/nor-2017-0412

The question isn鈥檛 whether engineers make moral decisions (they do!), but whether and how ethical decision making can be taught. Skepticism about the possibility of teaching ethics takes multiple forms. This article is based on a chapter from Deborah鈥檚 book, Engineering Ethics: Contemporary Debates.

Johnson, Deborah G. 2017. 鈥淐an Engineering Ethics Be Taught?鈥�.听The Bridge听47 (1): 59-64.

Deborah G. Johnson听and听Mario Verdicchio. The way public understanding of AI is being shaped, often by fear, is a way that may ultimately impede its research. This knowledge leads to a confusion about the notion of 鈥榓utonomy鈥�.

Johnson, Deborah G. and Mario Verdicchio. 2017. 鈥淩eframing AI Discourse鈥�.听Minds & Machines听27: 575鈥�590.听

Pesearch paper by听Nicholas Diakopoulos听and Jennifer A Stark. It argues that听there is a need to develop guidelines or frameworks for how to responsibly and accountably employ algorithms and data in journalism. It describes steps toward transparency with respect to computational journalism drawing from two case studies.

Stark, Jennifer A. and Nicholas Diakopoulos. 2016. 鈥淭owards Editorial Transparency in Computational Journalism鈥�.

Conference paper by听Esa Sirkkunen,听Heli V盲盲t盲j盲,听Turo Uskali,听Parisa Pour Rezai. It looks at what kinds f real-life journalistic VR experiments there have been made so far. Then it analyzes the research literature on journalistic VR.

Sirkkunen, Esa., Hela V盲盲t盲j盲, Turo Uskali, and Parisa Pour Rezaei. 2016. 鈥淛ournalism in virtual reality : opportunities and future research challenges鈥�.听Academic MindTrek'16 : Proceedings of the 20th International Academic MindTrek Conference听: 297-303. New York: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).听

A report by听Epp Lauk,听Turo Uskali, and听Heikki Kuutti听that describes and analyzes the results of the research project called 鈥淒roneJournalism: Utilizing Remotely Piloted Aircrafts (RPA) in Journalistic Purposes鈥�. It is a project that seeks to clarify problems and possibilities of utilizing camera drones for journalistic purposes. In Finnish language.

Lauk, Epp., Turo Uskali and Heikki Kuutti. 2016. 鈥淒roneJournalism: Utilizing Remotely Piloted Aircrafts (RPA) in Journalistic Purposes鈥�.

Although there is broad consensus that engineers have social responsibilities, what is owed in the name of social responsibility is not well understood. After briefly reviewing past attempts to understand the social responsibilities of engineers, an account that treats these responsibilities as a form of accountability is sketched. Accountability involves a relationship between an actor and a forum, a shared sense of obligation to explain and justify behavior, and shared norms regarding what needs to be explained, what counts as an adequate explanation, and what consequences might follow. Framing the social responsibilities of engineers as accountability brings to light the multiple actors involved and the activities by which social responsibilities are constituted. Among other things, the account locates the social responsibilities of engineers in the activities of engineering professional organizations, especially when they issue reports on engineering failures. The account also points to the importance of whistleblowing. The idea that social responsibility falls to individual engineers regardless of context or that social responsibility is a decontextualized moral matter is eschewed in favor of understanding engineers鈥� social responsibilities as constituted through social practices.

Johnson, Deborah G. 2016 鈥淩ethinking the Social Responsibilities of Engineers as a Form of Accountability鈥�. In: Michelfelder Diane P., Byron Newberry and Qin Zhu (eds)听Philosophy and Engineering. Philosophy of Engineering and Technology听26. Springer, Cham. DOI:听

Chapter by听Nicholas Diakopoulos. Examines the shift in how news organizations are increasingly designing and creating their own tools, products, and even entire platforms through the lens of computational journalism.

Diakopoulos, Nicholas. 2016. 鈥淐omputational Journalism and the Emergence of News Platforms鈥�. In Scott Eldridge II and Bob Franklin (eds).听The Routledge Companion to Digital Journalism 大象传媒.

Chapter by听Epp Lauk,听Turo Uskali,听Heikki Kuutti,听and听Helena Hirvinen. Camera drones are being used increasingly in journalism. This chapter argues that using camera drones for journalistic purposes is the newest global test for press freedom globally.

Lauk, Epp., Turo Uskali, Heikki Kuutti, and Helena Hirvinen. 2016. 鈥淒rone Journalism: The Newest Global Test of Press Freedom鈥�. In Carlsson, Ulla (eds)听Freedom of Expression and Media in Transition: 大象传媒 and Reflections in the Digital Age, pp: 117-125.

Chapter by听Taneli Heikka,听Katja Valaskivi听and听Turo Uskali. Investigates the Finnish Independence Day on 6 December, 2013. On this day, violence erupted and several video cameras recorded the event.

Heikka, Taneli., Turo Uskali and Katja Valaskivi. 2016. 鈥淐rashing a National Media Event : Circulation of Social Imaginaries in the Gatecrashers Riots in Finland鈥�. In B. Mitu, & S. Poulakidakos (eds.),Media Events : A Critical Contemporary Approach. Palgrave Macmillan.

Conference paper by听Juke Jouhki,听Epp Lauk,听Maija Penttinen听and听Turo Uskali. It explores research ethics in the era of social media and big data by discussing a debated Facebook experiment about emotional contagion.

Jouhki, Jukka, Epp Lauk, Majja Penttinen, Jukka Rohila, Niina Sormanen and Turo Uskali. 2015. 鈥淪ocial media personhood as a challenge to research ethics: Exploring the case of the Facebook experiment鈥�.