大象传媒

The most common and widespread heritage roses along the Norwegian coast are the and the white roses and , which have been planted out in the Presteg氓rdsroser bed.聽Of the more than 70 different varieties of roses that have been found along the coast, about a dozen have not been possible to determine to any known cultivar.

Rosa 'Great Western'

Photo:

Per Harald Salvesen (UiB)

Rosa 脳alba 'Semiplena'

Photo:

Per Harald Salvesen (UiB)

It is important to preserve Norwegian heritage roses, not least to be able to restore gardens with authentic materials. Many varieties are only found in a few gardens and should be preserved in living botanical collections. The university gardens are a partner in a national project to preserve plant genetic resources, .

(Centifolia/Damask Group)

Photo:

Per Harald Salvesen (UiB)

(climbing roses Group)

Photo:

Per Harald Salvesen (UiB)

聽(moss roses Group)

Photo:

Per Harald Salvesen (UiB)

The double cinnamon rose () has a long tradition in European garden culture. It was probably already grown in the Middle Ages and has been found in Norway at old monasteries.

The main advantage of the 'Jomfrurose' is its early flowering, which is why it is called May rose in many countries. The Norwegian name is probably a misunderstanding, as the maiden (Jomfru) is otherwise associated in Europe with the albarose 'Maiden's Blush'.

There are several forms of double cinnamon rose, resulting from various mutations that have produced double flowers. Since it is one of the most willing to form root shoots, it is easy to propagate and has travelled from garden to garden. Where it arrived, it tends to stay, simply because it is difficult to get rid of. It is also one of the most winter-hardy shrub roses, and is widely used in the north.

Photo:

Michael Pirie (UiB)

In the 17th and 19th centuries, several rose species came to Europe from North America. There they met Europe's garden roses. One result of such a meeting is the 鈥楽vearnas rose鈥� (, also called 'Minette'). It is believed to be a cross between , which arrived in Europe before 1807, and the .

The 'Svearnas rose' is very common in our neighbouring countries of Sweden and Finland, where it is often found in derilict places. Its distribution in Norway is to the east, and with few exceptions it is absent in western Norway. This may indicate that those that are here travelled from the east, but may also be due to the fact that it does not thrive in rain. The flowers do not open, but instead just rot.

Photo:

Michael Pirie (UiB)

Hardy wild roses such as the dog rose (Rosa canina), mountain rose (R. pendulina), apple rose (R. villosa), and sweet briar (R. rubiginosa) were introduced into gardens at an early stage as hedges and for the edible rose hips. Apple-scented leaves made R. rubiginosa particularly popular (hence the Norwegian common name 'eplerose' - apple rose - but not to be confused with R. villosa). It was found in medieval monastery gardens and is mentioned in the Hamar Chronicles (Hamarkr酶niken, c. 1550).

Rosa villosa

Photo:

Michael Pirie (UiB)

Cultivated forms of European wild roses rose were popular in 17th and 19th century landscape gardens and parks, and can still be found in old gardens. One such is 鈥樷��, which has been found in the Old Garden at Fana Folkeh酶gskole.

Some garden shapes have a tradition as 鈥榝amily roses鈥�, such as . It was brought home from Giessen in Germany by a priest's son from Hurdal in Nannestad around 1855, and has since spread to descendants and friends of the family.

Rosa 'Hurdalsrosa'

Photo:

Bj酶rn Moe (UiB)

(Rosa spinosissima, synonym: R. pimpinellifolia) is found in sandy soils and waste ground throughout Europe and most of Asia. It has been cultivated since time immemorial and today it is almost impossible to determine where it is originally wild and where it has escaped from gardens.

Garden forms with fragrant, double flowers are known back in the 17th century, but breeding flourished around 1800, thanks in particular to the Brown brothers in Perth, Scotland. From there, many 鈥楽cottish roses鈥� also made their way to Norway, and since they expand by means of highly persistent runners, they are often found remaining in - or near - old gardens. Some of the Scottish roses were loved for their exquisite scent and have been preserved as the treasures they are.

More information (in Norwegian): Salvesen (2008).

Rosa spinosissima

Photo:

Michael D. Pirie, UiB

Rosa spinosissima 'Red Nelly'

Photo:

Michael D. Pirie, UiB

Rosa x reversa 'Poppius'

Photo:

Michael D. Pirie, UiB

Rosa spinosissima

Photo:

Michael D. Pirie, UiB

Austrian briar is found wild in Western Asia and came to Western Europe in the 1580s from Austria with the botanist Clusius. Around the same time, the Capucine or Austrian Copper rose (Rosa foetida 鈥淏icolor鈥�) emerged, a mutation with flowers that are red inside and yellow outside. In the early 1800s, Rosa foetida was crossed with its close relatives, the burnet roses. Soon yellow burnet roses appeared on the market and became immensely popular; first 'William's Double Yellow' in England in 1828 and then in the USA shortly afterwards.

They are very hardy, but in a humid coastal climate they show their sad weakness: they become diseased and destroyed by leaf rust. Today, they are therefore very rare to find in the outer reaches of Western Norway; you have to go into the fjords and over the mountains to Eastern and Southern Norway.

Yellow garden roses: Double yellow roses have been cultivated since time immemorial in the East, and Rosa hemisphaerica 'Flore Plena' arrived in Europe before 1600. It was only after 'Persian Yellow' was introduced in 1837 that there was a breakthrough in breeding.聽

There were many unsuccessful attempts to produce a repeat-flowering yellow garden rose. Joseph Pernet Ducher tried to cross 'Persian Yellow' with repeat flowering roses in Lyon in 1883. After almost 10 years and hundreds of crosses, he had countless plants, but none usable. Then he happened to find a self-sown seedling with orange-yellow flowers. In 1898, he was able to present it as 'Soleil d'Or'. The rose became a sensation and gave rise to varieties with completely new colours, from yellow and orange to fiery red. This was a breakthrough in breeding, to the extent that 9 out of 10 modern rose varieties today carry genes from 'Soleil d'Or'!

Rosa foetida

Photo:

Reidun Samuelsen (UiB)

The production of rose oil can be traced back thousands of years in Western Asia and the Mediterranean. These precious oil-roses are depicted on over 2,000-year-old coins from Rhodes and Macedonia, and spread their fragrance during the orgies reported from the Roman Empire. It is not possible to say for sure whether the roses were gallica or damask. Confusion surrounding the names also contributes to this. However, scented roses arrived in Europe at an early stage, their perfume even gracing Charlemagne's court.

Damask roses are still grown for perfume from the Middle East to Bulgaria. The method is the same as it was almost 2000 years ago. Such roses played a major role in the earliest development of garden roses, when fragrance was just as important as colour. Damask roses also came to our country early on, but today they are rare to find in old gardens.

More information (in Norwegian): Salvesen (2004; 2007).

Photo:

Reidun Samuelsen (UiB)

The phenomenon of repeat flowering (remontant) roses was already mentioned by Theophrastus 2300 years ago. There are many indications that the Romans knew of roses that were capable of flowering twice (bifera). The Damask rose 鈥淨uatre Saisons鈥�, the oldest known with this characteristic, is said to have been cultivated by the Romans, but is not documented until 1659 in England.

The remontant damask rose was highly sought after and became widespread in Europe before being outcompeted by roses from China in the 19th century. It is likely that wealthy citizens and clergymen also brought remontant damask roses to our country, but little is known about when and to what extent. Today they are long gone.

More information (in Norwegian): Salvesen (2004; 2007).

Rosa x damascena f. bifera 'Quatre Saisons'

Photo:

Per Harald Salvesen (UiB)

The French rose grows wild in southern Europe from the Atlantic to Asia Minor. It is thought to have originated in the Caucasus, but no-one today dares to say for sure. The ancient Greeks and Romans cultivated a number of fragrant, full-bodied roses, possibly including forms of Rosa gallica, which we believe the Romans spread throughout Europe. The form (the apothecary's rose) has long been grown for medicinal purposes, including in the town of Provins near Paris.

In the 19th century, crosses with the Provins rose formed the basis for large-scale breeding of garden roses in France, and before 1850, more than 2,000 varieties of gallica roses had been introduced into the trade. Of these single-flowering shrub roses with fragrant, densely packed flowers in purple-red and lilac-pink, barely 300 varieties remain today, and efforts are being made to track down those that have disappeared. Several varieties have been cultivated in this country and are sometimes found in old gardens.

More information (in Norwegian): Salvesen (2003).

Rosa gallica 'Officinalis'

Photo:

Bj酶rn Moe (UiB)

In the herbals that came after the Reformation, we can read about the 鈥榬ose without thorns鈥� (Rosa sine spinis), the 鈥榬ose from Frankfurt鈥� (Rosa franco-furtana) and others, which do not quite match gallica roses.

Such roses are common in old gardens in Norway, but they have a strikingly eastern distribution and, with few exceptions, are absent in western Norway. They are hardy and easy to propagate by root shoots. The flower base is well-developed and broad, and the flowers are densely packed with an unfortunate tendency not to open properly. There are often few thorns on the flower shoots and the veins in the leaves are pronounced and closely spaced, giving the small leaves a characteristic ribbed pattern. Several of them have been handed down through the generations and may have their own local names, although they tend to be referred to under "presteg氓rdsroser" (vicarage roses).

Before the widespread maintenance of cemeteries with motorised lawnmowers, they were often seen at old graves, and were therefore called "kirkeg氓rdsroser" (graveyard roses).

'Centifolia' means a hundred leaves, or in this context, petals. This group is characterised by very densely doubled flowers, usually in light shades of pink, rarely white. They probably originated at the end of the 16th century in the rich agricultural areas that would later become the Netherlands and Belgium. The oldest in culture today is , since Dutch and Flemish flower painters liked to depict them. The paintings are so detailed and lifelike that they represent an important source for the early history of the cultivated rose.

In addition to the densely filled, bowl-shaped flowers, their scent is their foremost characteristic and probably the most important reason why they have been preserved. Early on, they were used to make perfume, an activity particularly famous from Provence in the south of France. Provence roses ("bolleroser": 鈥榖un roses鈥� in Norwegian) were fashionable in the 18th century and widely grown here in the north too, but today they are rarely found in old gardens.

More information (in Norwegian): Salvesen (2006).

Rosa centifolia 'Varietaga'

Photo:

Reidun Samuelsen (UiB)

Moss roses originated as sports of Provence roses, whereby the glandular hairs on the flower base and sepals develop branches together forming a layer reminiscent of brown-green 鈥榤oss鈥�.

The first written records of this phenonmenon date to the 17th century, and it probably occurred several times independently with slightly different results, as we can see by comparing , from around 1720, with from 1820.

Around the middle of the 19th century, moss roses were the subject of extensive refinement, and a greater variety of colours was produced, not least pure white and deep purple. Moss roses were popular in Norway at the time and are still occasionally found in old gardens.

More information (in Norwegian): Salvesen (2006).

Rosa 'Gloire des Mousseuses'

Photo:

Per Harald Salvesen (UiB)

From the work of Renaissance botanists, the scented roses mentioned by Pliny from Campania 2000 years ago can be interpreted as Rosa x alba, and a densely filled rose in the world's oldest herbarium has been identified as the variety (from Italy in the years 1532-1553). Both this and , which has less densely filled flowers, match the white garden roses described as common by Albertus Magnus (1206-1280).

Forms of Rosa x alba are also mentioned in the earliest garden literature, and today the varieties 'Maxima' and 'Semiplena' are often found in old gardens, also along the coast. They are therefore often called 鈥榗oastal white roses鈥� (kysthvitroser) or 鈥榳hite vicarage roses鈥� (hvite presteg氓rdsroser) but can also have local names, with family traditions associated with them. Perhaps not surprisingly, they are easy to propagate from root shoots and are very hardy.

More information (in Norwegian): Salvesen (2005).

Rosa 脳alba 鈥楳补虫颈尘补鈥�

Photo:

Michael Pirie (UiB)

Rosa 'F茅licit茅 Parmentier'

Photo:

Per Harald Salvesen (UiB)

Portland roses can flower throughout the summer and therefore became popular. The original Portland rose was probably a cross between the autumn damask rose and the apothecary rose. It is named after the 2nd Dutchess of Portland (1715-85), who is said to have brought it home from Italy. The Duchess was an avid rose collector, but apparently never travelled outside her native England. This means that the story is not entirely credible, and repeat flowering Rosa x chinensis (China rose; m氓nedsroser) already existed in the 17th century in the royal gardens in Paris.

sets viable seed and was widely used in breeding. The first varieties in the group were made by Andr茅 Du Pont, who supplied the castle of La Malmaison with roses. In the western Norwegian climate, many of them are a little difficult and tend to be attacked by fungus. But some, like 'Mme. Boll' and '' from the mid-19th century, are popular and still on sale.

More information (in Norwegian): Salvesen (2007).

Rosa 'Portland Rose'

Photo:

Bj酶rn Moe (UiB)

Rosa 'White Jacques Cartier'

Photo:

Reidun Samuelsen (UiB)

The first Bourbon rose was discovered in 1817 on the island of La Reunion (formerly Bourbon Island), a French colony. Farmers often planted two rows of roses around their fields as a fence: one with the autumn damask rose, the other with the China rose 鈥淥ld Blush鈥�. The Bourbon rose must have arisen spontaneously by crossing between these.

In 1823, the rose was introduced to France and gave rise to more than 400 varieties, many very floriferous and long-lived. They dominated the rose market until around 1870 with fragrant, densely packed flowers in pink to purple (less often white or variegated). They also became popular in this country, and one variety has become particularly widespread: 'Great Western' from 1838. It is often referred to as the "r酶d presteg氓rdsrose" (red vicarage rose), unless it has been given a local name such as "bestemorsrose" (grandmother's rose) or "sylterose" (jam rose). Whether or not they are aware of it, it is the scent of this rose that many people remember from their grandmother's garden.

Rosa 'Great Western'

Photo:

Per Harald Salvesen (UiB)

Rosa 'Vassteinrosa'

Photo:

Per Harald Salvesen (UiB)

The exchange of goods by sea between China and Europe began in 1540, when the Portuguese established the colony of Macao. However, it wasn't until the end of the 18th century that China roses (Rosa chinensis; m氓nedsroser) arrived in Europe. By then, the Chinese had been growing them for more than a thousand years. The first were obtained at the market in Canton or in the Indian Ocean colonies. 'Old Blush' with pink flowers arrived in Stockholm in 1752, while purple 'Slater's Crimson China' reached London in 1789.

These are elegant shrubs with neat, smooth petals that flower all season, an important feature in the breeding of modern roses. They are not hardy in Western Norway, and are grown in pots that are brought inside for the winter. China roses were popular in the 19th century, but many of the old varieties have been lost. We have come across one, 'Fru Michelsens M氓nedsrose', named after the lady who gave it to us. It had followed the family from Rad酶y since before 1900.

Rosa 'Old Blush'

Photo:

Reidun Samuelsen (UiB)

The name "tea rose" is an abbreviation for "tea-scented rose". The first, 'Hume鈥檚 Blush Tea-scented China', arrived in England in 1809 on the tea ships of The East India Company. Fifteen years later, the yellow-flowered 'Parks鈥� Yellow Tea-scented China' arrived the same way. With tea roses came new colors, such as peach yellow and salmon pink, and they gave rise to very vigorous climbing roses. Unfortunately, tea roses are not very hardy in Norway, and must be overwintered in greenhouses. Only a few, such as the elegant , manage to display their splendor outdoors for a few years.

Tea roses crossed with China roses [or hybrid perpetuals?] gave rise to hybrid tea roses. Among the first successful varieties was 'La France'. It was introduced in 1867 by Jean Baptiste Andr茅 Guillot in Lyon and is considered the first modern rose. In turn, hybrid tea roses, when crossed further, gave rise to cultivars with single or clusters of flowers appearing repeatedly throughout the season that could justify a place of honor in the bed in front of the house facade. But those only appeared at the end of the 19th Century.

Rosa 'Adam'

Photo:

Reidun Samuelsen (UiB)

Rosa 'Marie van Houtte'

Photo:

Reidun Samuelsen (UiB)

The history of this group of roses is difficult to trace in detail. Bourbon, Portland and China roses were probably included in the mix that, from the beginning in 1837 until its culmination around 1910, gave rise to as many as 4000 varieties. They were vigorous bushes that bore large, full and fragrant flowers on relatively short side shoots throughout the season. It was fashionable to mount cut roses without stems in frames and patterns (as potpourri) to provide fragrance in the living room and boudoir in addition to the play of colours from white to purple-red.

Remontant roses became popular in Norway towards the end of the 19th century, but most were susceptible to disease and have long since been lost. Occasionally we come across veritable rose 'trees' that produce hundreds of magnificent fragrant flowers every year. They are remnants of the craze that raged before the First World War. Today they are difficult to identify with certainty, but they are real cultural treasures.

Rosa 'Gloire de Ch茅dane-Guinoisseau'

Photo:

Bj酶rn Moe (UiB)

Photo:

Bj酶rn Moe (UiB)

Rosa 'Mme Victor Verdier'

Photo:

Bj酶rn Moe (UiB)

The Noisette roses probably originate from a hybrid between the China rose 'Old Blush' and a white-flowered musk rose (Rosa moschata) that spontaneously emerged in the garden of plantation owner John Champney in South Carolina in 1802. From this seed, gardener Philippe Noisette produced a reblooming form, , which he sent across the Atlantic to his brother, Louis Noisette, in Paris in 1814. From there, the Noisette roses spread throughout Europe.

After 1830, 'Blush Noisette' was crossed with climbing roses, and crosses with the tea rose 'Parks鈥� Yellow Tea-scented China' produced forms with yellow flowers, such as the famous 'R锚ve d鈥橭r'. It was important for the development of the Moschata group and modern shrub roses. A popular variety in Norway was , which was reportedly found at every house in Bergen after the First World War.

Rosa 'Blush Noisette'

Photo:

Reidun Samuelsen (UiB)

搁辞蝉补听'Gloire de Dijon'

Photo:

Reidun Myking (UiB)